# Random

## The Erdös-Hajnal Conjecture ★★★

Author(s): Erdos; Hajnal

Conjecture   For every fixed graph , there exists a constant , so that every graph without an induced subgraph isomorphic to contains either a clique or an independent set of size .

Keywords: induced subgraph

## Decomposing an eulerian graph into cycles. ★★

Author(s): Hajós

Conjecture   Every simple eulerian graph on vertices can be decomposed into at most cycles.

Keywords:

## Crossing numbers and coloring ★★★

Author(s): Albertson

We let denote the crossing number of a graph .

Conjecture   Every graph with satisfies .

Keywords: coloring; complete graph; crossing number

## Kneser–Poulsen conjecture ★★★

Author(s): Kneser; Poulsen

Conjecture   If a finite set of unit balls in is rearranged so that the distance between each pair of centers does not decrease, then the volume of the union of the balls does not decrease.

Keywords: pushing disks

## Cyclic spanning subdigraph with small cyclomatic number ★★

Author(s): Bondy

Conjecture   Let be a digraph all of whose strong components are nontrivial. Then contains a cyclic spanning subdigraph with cyclomatic number at most .

Keywords:

## Inscribed Square Problem ★★

Author(s): Toeplitz

Conjecture   Does every Jordan curve have 4 points on it which form the vertices of a square?

Keywords: simple closed curve; square

## Counting 3-colorings of the hex lattice ★★

Author(s): Thomassen

Problem   Find .

Keywords: coloring; Lieb's Ice Constant; tiling; torus

## Growth of finitely presented groups ★★★

Problem   Does there exist a finitely presented group of intermediate growth?

Keywords: finitely presented; growth

## 5-flow conjecture ★★★★

Author(s): Tutte

Conjecture   Every bridgeless graph has a nowhere-zero 5-flow.

Keywords: cubic; nowhere-zero flow

## Domination in cubic graphs ★★

Author(s): Reed

Problem   Does every 3-connected cubic graph satisfy ?

Keywords: cubic graph; domination

## Every metamonovalued reloid is monovalued ★★

Author(s): Porton

Conjecture   Every metamonovalued reloid is monovalued.

Keywords:

## Every prism over a 3-connected planar graph is hamiltonian. ★★

Author(s): Kaiser; Král; Rosenfeld; Ryjácek; Voss

Conjecture   If is a -connected planar graph, then has a Hamilton cycle.

Keywords:

## Stable set meeting all longest directed paths. ★★

Author(s): Laborde; Payan; Xuong N.H.

Conjecture   Every digraph has a stable set meeting all longest directed paths

Keywords:

## Triangle free strongly regular graphs ★★★

Author(s):

Problem   Is there an eighth triangle free strongly regular graph?

Keywords: strongly regular; triangle free

## Euler-Mascheroni constant ★★★

Author(s):

Question   Is Euler-Mascheroni constant an transcendental number?

Keywords: constant; Euler; irrational; Mascheroni; rational; transcendental

## Hamilton decomposition of prisms over 3-connected cubic planar graphs ★★

Author(s): Alspach; Rosenfeld

Conjecture   Every prism over a -connected cubic planar graph can be decomposed into two Hamilton cycles.

Keywords:

## List Colourings of Complete Multipartite Graphs with 2 Big Parts ★★

Author(s): Allagan

Question   Given , what is the smallest integer such that ?

## Odd perfect numbers ★★★

Author(s): Ancient/folklore

Conjecture   There is no odd perfect number.

Keywords: perfect number

## Generalised Empty Hexagon Conjecture ★★

Author(s): Wood

Conjecture   For each there is an integer such that every set of at least points in the plane contains collinear points or an empty hexagon.

Keywords: empty hexagon

## Universal point sets for planar graphs ★★★

Author(s): Mohar

We say that a set is -universal if every vertex planar graph can be drawn in the plane so that each vertex maps to a distinct point in , and all edges are (non-intersecting) straight line segments.

Question   Does there exist an -universal set of size ?

Keywords: geometric graph; planar graph; universal set

## Saturated $k$-Sperner Systems of Minimum Size ★★

Author(s): Morrison; Noel; Scott

Question   Does there exist a constant and a function such that if , then every saturated -Sperner system has cardinality at least ?

## Diagonal Ramsey numbers ★★★★

Author(s): Erdos

Let denote the diagonal Ramsey number.

Conjecture   exists.
Problem   Determine the limit in the above conjecture (assuming it exists).

Keywords: Ramsey number

## Petersen coloring conjecture ★★★

Author(s): Jaeger

Conjecture   Let be a cubic graph with no bridge. Then there is a coloring of the edges of using the edges of the Petersen graph so that any three mutually adjacent edges of map to three mutually adjancent edges in the Petersen graph.

Keywords: cubic; edge-coloring; Petersen graph

## 57-regular Moore graph? ★★★

Author(s): Hoffman; Singleton

Question   Does there exist a 57-regular graph with diameter 2 and girth 5?

Keywords: cage; Moore graph

## Singmaster's conjecture ★★

Author(s): Singmaster

Conjecture   There is a finite upper bound on the multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle, other than the number .

The number appears once in Pascal's triangle, appears twice, appears three times, and appears times. There are infinite families of numbers known to appear times. The only number known to appear times is . It is not known whether any number appears more than times. The conjectured upper bound could be ; Singmaster thought it might be or . See Singmaster's conjecture.

Keywords: Pascal's triangle

## Blatter-Specker Theorem for ternary relations ★★

Author(s): Makowsky

Let be a class of finite relational structures. We denote by the number of structures in over the labeled set . For any class definable in monadic second-order logic with unary and binary relation symbols, Specker and Blatter showed that, for every , the function is ultimately periodic modulo .

Question   Does the Blatter-Specker Theorem hold for ternary relations.

Keywords: Blatter-Specker Theorem; FMT00-Luminy

## Unsolvability of word problem for 2-knot complements ★★★

Author(s): Gordon

Problem   Does there exist a smooth/PL embedding of in such that the fundamental group of the complement has an unsolvable word problem?

Keywords: 2-knot; Computational Complexity; knot theory

## Hilbert-Smith conjecture ★★

Author(s): David Hilbert; Paul A. Smith

Conjecture   Let be a locally compact topological group. If has a continuous faithful group action on an -manifold, then is a Lie group.

Keywords:

## Rota's basis conjecture ★★★

Author(s): Rota

Conjecture   Let be a vector space of dimension and let be bases. Then there exist disjoint transversals of each of which is a base.

Keywords: base; latin square; linear algebra; matroid; transversal

## Hamilton cycle in small d-diregular graphs ★★

Author(s): Jackson

An directed graph is -diregular if every vertex has indegree and outdegree at least .

Conjecture   For , every -diregular oriented graph on at most vertices has a Hamilton cycle.

Keywords:

## Coloring and immersion ★★★

Author(s): Abu-Khzam; Langston

Conjecture   For every positive integer , every (loopless) graph with immerses .

Keywords: coloring; complete graph; immersion

## Nonseparating planar continuum ★★

Author(s):

Conjecture   Does any path-connected, compact set in the plane which does not separate the plane have the fixed point property?

A set has the fixed point property if every continuous map from it into itself has a fixed point.

Keywords: fixed point

## Infinite uniquely hamiltonian graphs ★★

Author(s): Mohar

Problem   Are there any uniquely hamiltonian locally finite 1-ended graphs which are regular of degree ?

## Finite entailment of Positive Horn logic ★★

Author(s): Martin

Question   Positive Horn logic (pH) is the fragment of FO involving exactly . Does the fragment have the finite model property?

Keywords: entailment; finite satisfiability; horn logic

## Kriesell's Conjecture ★★

Author(s): Kriesell

Conjecture   Let be a graph and let such that for any pair there are edge-disjoint paths from to in . Then contains edge-disjoint trees, each of which contains .

## Graphs with a forbidden induced tree are chi-bounded ★★★

Author(s): Gyarfas

Say that a family of graphs is -bounded if there exists a function so that every satisfies .

Conjecture   For every fixed tree , the family of graphs with no induced subgraph isomorphic to is -bounded.

Keywords: chi-bounded; coloring; excluded subgraph; tree

## Convex 'Fair' Partitions Of Convex Polygons ★★

Author(s): Nandakumar; Ramana

Basic Question: Given any positive integer n, can any convex polygon be partitioned into n convex pieces so that all pieces have the same area and same perimeter?

Definitions: Define a Fair Partition of a polygon as a partition of it into a finite number of pieces so that every piece has both the same area and the same perimeter. Further, if all the resulting pieces are convex, call it a Convex Fair Partition.

Questions: 1. (Rephrasing the above 'basic' question) Given any positive integer n, can any convex polygon be convex fair partitioned into n pieces?

2. If the answer to the above is "Not always'', how does one decide the possibility of such a partition for a given convex polygon and a given n? And if fair convex partition is allowed by a specific convex polygon for a give n, how does one find the optimal convex fair partition that minimizes the total length of the cut segments?

3. Finally, what could one say about higher dimensional analogs of this question?

Conjecture: The authors tend to believe that the answer to the above 'basic' question is "yes". In other words they guess: Every convex polygon allows a convex fair partition into n pieces for any n

Keywords: Convex Polygons; Partitioning

## Approximation Ratio for Maximum Edge Disjoint Paths problem ★★

Author(s): Bentz

Conjecture   Can the approximation ratio be improved for the Maximum Edge Disjoint Paths problem (MaxEDP) in planar graphs or can an inapproximability result stronger than -hardness?

## Convex Equipartitions with Extreme Perimeter ★★

Author(s): Nandakumar

To divide a given 2D convex region C into a specified number n of convex pieces all of equal area (perimeters could be different) such that the total perimeter of pieces is (1) maximized (2) minimized.

Remark: It appears maximizing the total perimeter is the easier problem.

Keywords: convex equipartition

## Hamiltonian cycles in line graphs ★★★

Author(s): Thomassen

Conjecture   Every 4-connected line graph is hamiltonian.

Keywords: hamiltonian; line graphs

## (m,n)-cycle covers ★★★

Author(s): Celmins; Preissmann

Conjecture   Every bridgeless graph has a (5,2)-cycle-cover.

Keywords: cover; cycle

## Long directed cycles in diregular digraphs ★★★

Author(s): Jackson

Conjecture   Every strong oriented graph in which each vertex has indegree and outdegree at least contains a directed cycle of length at least .

Keywords:

## Cores of Cayley graphs ★★★★★

Author(s): Samal

Conjecture   Let be an abelian group. Is the core of a Cayley graph (on some power of ) a Cayley graph (on some power of )?

Keywords: Cayley graph; core

## Rota's unimodal conjecture ★★★

Author(s): Rota

Let be a matroid of rank , and for let be the number of closed sets of rank .

Conjecture   is unimodal.
Conjecture   is log-concave.

Keywords: flat; log-concave; matroid

## Are all Mersenne Numbers with prime exponent square-free? ★★★

Author(s):

Conjecture   Are all Mersenne Numbers with prime exponent Square free?

Keywords: Mersenne number

## Aharoni-Berger conjecture ★★★

Author(s): Aharoni; Berger

Conjecture   If are matroids on and for every partition of , then there exists with which is independent in every .

Keywords: independent set; matroid; partition

## Special Primes ★

Author(s): George BALAN

Conjecture   Let be a prime natural number. Find all primes , such that .

Keywords:

## A funcoid related to directed topological spaces ★★

Author(s): Porton

Conjecture   Let be the complete funcoid corresponding to the usual topology on extended real line . Let be the order on this set. Then is a complete funcoid.
Proposition   It is easy to prove that is the infinitely small right neighborhood filter of point .

If proved true, the conjecture then can be generalized to a wider class of posets.

Keywords:

## Atomicity of the poset of multifuncoids ★★

Author(s): Porton

Conjecture   The poset of multifuncoids of the form is for every sets and :
\item atomic; \item atomistic.

See below for definition of all concepts and symbols used to in this conjecture.

Refer to this Web site for the theory which I now attempt to generalize.

Keywords: multifuncoid

## Funcoidal products inside an inward reloid ★★

Author(s): Porton

Conjecture   (solved) If then for every funcoid and atomic f.o. and on the source and destination of correspondingly.

A stronger conjecture:

Conjecture   If then for every funcoid and , .

Keywords: inward reloid